Fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits market

Fertility and Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market, By Product Type (Pregnancy Rapid Tests (Line-Indicator Devices (Strips/Dip Sticks, Mid-Stream, Cassettes), Digital), Fertility Rapid Tests (Line-Indicator, Digital)), By Test Type (LH Urine, FSH Urine, hCG Blood, hCG Urine), By Distribution Channel (Hospital Channel, Retail Channel, Online Channel), and By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa)

  • May 2023
  • CMI3456
  • 171 Pages
  • Excel & Pdf
  • Clinical Diagnostic

Fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits is a fertility testing option for people, which is easy to use with low complexity. These kits detects the presence of reproductive hormones, such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone. The global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits market is estimated to be valued at US$ 1,451.9  million in 2023 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period (2023-2030).

Analysts’ Views on Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market:

The demand for self contained pregnancy and fertility rapid test kits are increasing owing to its rapid results and convenience of use. For instance, a research study conducted in 2020 by Jonathan Bearak et al., published in the Lancet Journal, estimates that between 2015 and 2019, there were approximately 121 million unintended pregnancies annually, or 64 unintended pregnancies per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 49 worldwide. The rising number of unintended pregnancies is fueling market expansion.

Figure 1. Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market Share (%), by Product Type, 2023

Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market – Driver

High incidence of infertility is a major driving factor of the market

One of the main drivers of the expansion of the global market for fertility and pregnancy fast test kits over the anticipated period, is the high incidence of infertility. For instance, in August 2021, according to a study conducted by National Survey of Family Growth, in women aged 15 to 34 years, infertility rates ranged from 7.3 to 9.1%. In women ages 35 to 39 years old, the infertility rates increased to 25%. Lastly, women from ages 40 to 44 years had a 30% chance of infertility.

Figure 2. Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market Value (US$ Million), by Region, 2023

Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market- Regional Analysis

North America region held dominant position in the global fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits market, accounting for 50.7% share in terms of value, followed by Asia Pacific. The market for fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits is increasing in North America as a result of rise in birth rates. Additionally, the working class of U.S. is a major driver for the market. Owing to the fact that they do not visit doctors frequently, unless there is an emergency, which is driving the market growth.

Asia Pacific is also poised for a significant growth in fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits market. The leading cororations in Asia Pacific are strenghthening their positions with strong local business by tying up distribution agreements with e-commerce partners by implementing various alliance mehods.

Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market – Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic

Since the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease spread to over 100 countries across the globe, and the World Health Organization declared it a public health emergency on January 30, 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global healthcare industry, including the fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits market. While the market for these products has remained relatively stable, the pandemic has influenced several trends and factors that will shape the market's future.

One of the primary drivers of the fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits market is the growing awareness of family planning and the increasing prevalence of infertility. The pandemic has brought additional attention to the importance of reproductive health, as many couples are postponing pregnancy due to economic and health concerns.

Additionally, COVID-19 has disrupted the global supply chain, which has led to shortages of raw materials and components needed for manufacturing these test kits. The pandemic has also caused a surge in demand for healthcare products, including pregnancy test kits, which has resulted in supply chain challenges and increased prices.

Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market Report Coverage

Report Coverage Details
Base Year: 2022 Market Size in 2023: US$ 1,451.9 Mn
Historical Data for: 2017 to 2021 Forecast Period: 2023 to 2030
Forecast Period 2023 to 2030 CAGR: 4.5% 2030 Value Projection: US$ 1,975.8 Mn
Geographies covered:
  • North America: U.S. and Canada
  • Latin America: Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, and Rest of Latin America
  • Europe: Germany, U.K., Spain, France, Italy, Russia, and Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific: China, India, Japan, Australia, South Korea, ASEAN, and Rest of Asia Pacific
  • Middle East: GCC Countries, Israel, and Rest of Middle East
  • Africa: South Africa, North Africa, and Central Africa
Segments covered:
  • By Product Type: Pregnancy Rapid Tests, Line-Indicator Devices, Strips/Dip Sticks, Mid-Stream, Cassettes, Digital, Fertility Rapid Tests, Line-Indicator, Digital
  • By Test Type: LH Urine, FSH Urine, hCG Blood, hCG Urine
  • By Distribution Channel: Hospital Channel, Retail Channel, Online Channel
Companies covered:

SPD Swiss Precision Diagnostic GmbH, DCC Plc., Procter & Gamble, Abbott Laboratories, Alere Inc., Quidel Corporation, bioMérieux SA, Church & Dwight Co., Inc., Prestige Brands Holdings, Inc., and Geratherm Medical AG.

Growth Drivers:
  • Increasing incidence of infertility and gyanaecological cancer
Restraints & Challenges:
  • Lack of buyers in emerging economies and lack of awareness

Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market Segmentation:

The global fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits market report is segmented into by Product Type, by Test Type, Distribution Channel and Region.

By Product Type, the market is segmented into Pregnancy Rapid Tests which is further segmented as Line-Indicator Devices and Digital & Fertility Rapid Tests which is further segmented into Line-Indicator and Digital. The Pregnancy Rapid Tests held the largest market share for fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits market. Due to the testing option's ease of use and simplicity as compared to other testing methods available. There was a high demand for pregnancy fast tests as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic's continued rise in point-of-care diagnostic kits, which prevented people from leaving their homes unnecessarily.

By Test Type, the market is segmented into LH Urine, FSH Urine, hCG Blood, hCG Urine. The HCG urine segment held the largest share of the market for quick tests for infertility and pregnancy. Urine tests are getting more and more popular due to their ease of use, high accuracy, and straightforwardness of the results.

By Distribution Channel, the market is segmented into hospital channel, retail channel, online channel. Retail held the biggest market share. The drugstore's fast test kits for pregnancy and infertility can be purchased without a prescription. As a result, plenty of customers purchase kits at the drugstore.

Among all the segments, the product type segment has the highest potential due to the increasing demand of pregnancy rapid test kits. One fact that explains the high demand for pregnancy self-test kits is that they provide a convenient, fast, and private way for women to confirm whether or not they are pregnant. These tests can be easily purchased over-the-counter at pharmacies or online, and they offer a simple and non-invasive way to detect the presence of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in a woman's urine, which is an early indicator of pregnancy. Additionally, pregnancy self-test kits are relatively affordable and can be used in the comfort of one's own home, which makes them an attractive option for women who want to confirm their pregnancy without having to visit a doctor or clinic.

Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market Cross Sectional Analysis:

Unplanned pregnancies have been more common over the past few years, which has sharply increased demand for pregnancy test kits and equipment across North America. An estimated 3 million unintended pregnancies and 1.5 induced abortions take place in the U.S,, according to a report in the National Library of Medicine in 2021. Additionally, rising rates of teenage pregnancy, increased government support for the use of pregnancy tests, increasing levels of awareness regarding the use of pregnancy self-detection devices, increased awareness of the advantages and benefits associated with using these pregnancy detection kits, and a significant increase in demand for self-test pregnancy kits are all contributing to the growth of the pregnancy testing market in North America.

Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market: Key Developments

In June 2022, Mylab Discovery Solutions launched PregaScreen, an at-home pregnancy test kit. With this, the company has marked its foray into the female healthcare segment.

In June 2021, The distribution of the REVEAL Rapid AST system by particular diagnoses in Europe was announced by bioMérieux, a French multinational biotechnology company strengthening the market for rapid testing kits in the European region.

In April 2021, Actress Jordana Brewster worked with Clearblue, a brand belonging to Swiss Precision Diagnostics GmbH (SPD) to launch the Real Talk with Conceiving Hood Campaign, which raised awareness about the challenges of conception and women's fertility.

About 89.1% of the market for quick test kits for fertility and pregnancy in North America was held by the United States in 2021. According to a Bank of America paper, a millennial baby boom (increase in birth rate) has been seen in the United States during the past several years. The market for pregnancy and fertility fast test kits for confirming pregnancy increased as a result of the rise in birthrate, and this trend is anticipated to continue during the forecasted period in the United States.

Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market: Key Trends

Increasing incidence of gynecological disorders to aid in growth of the market

The increasing incidence of gynecological disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and other hormonal imbalances can lead to fertility issues and difficulty in getting pregnant. This has resulted in a rise in demand for fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits, as these tests can help women determine their fertility status and detect pregnancy early on. For instance, according to GLOBOCAN 2020, Gynecological cancers has annual incidence of more than 3.6 million and mortality exceeding 1.3 million, these cancers account for nearly 40% of all cancer incidence and for more than 30% of all cancer mortality in women worldwide

For instance, between 2012 and 2016, around 94,000 women were diagnosed with gynecologic cancer annually in the U.S., according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention's U.S. Cancer Statistics September 2019.

Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market: Restraint

The global market for fertility and pregnancy quick test kits is anticipated to experience slow growth because to a lack of consumers in emerging nations. Despite the high rates of infertility in nations such as South Africa, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Morocco, the global market's expansion may be limited to some extent by consumers' lack of awareness of fertility and pregnancy rapid test products as well as their inability to purchase goods because of their limited financial resources.

Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market - Key Players

Major players operating in the global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits market include SPD Swiss Precision Diagnostic GmbH, DCC Plc., Procter & Gamble, Abbott Laboratories, Alere Inc., Quidel Corporation, bioMérieux SA, Church & Dwight Co., Inc., Prestige Brands Holdings, Inc., and Geratherm Medical AG.

*Definition: Rapid test kits for fertility and pregnancy are a simple, user-friendly fertility testing solution for people. The presence of reproductive hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone is detected by these kits. Females can use the fertility fast test kits to confirm menopause or to pinpoint the exact day of ovulation. The increasing prevalence of gynaecological issues, infertility, and quick and self-contained tests are some of the factors driving the growth of the global market for fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits.

Table of Contents

  1. Research Objectives and Assumptions
    • Research Objectives
    • Assumptions
    • Abbreviations
  2. Market Purview
    • Report Description
      • Market Definition and Scope
    • Executive Summary
      • Market Snapshot, By Product Type
      • Market Snapshot, By Test Type
      • Market Snapshot, By Distribution Channel
      • Market Snapshot, By Region
    • Coherent Opportunity Map (COM)
  3. Market Dynamics, Regulations, and Trends Analysis
    • Market Dynamics
      • Drivers
      • Restraints
      • Market Opportunities
    • Impact Analysis
    • Key Developments
    • Technological Advancement
    • Regulatory Scenario
  4. Global Fertility and Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market- Impact of Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic
    • Economic Impact
    • COVID-19 Epidemiology
    • Impact on Supply and Demand
  5. Global Fertility and Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market, By Product Type, 2017 – 2030, (US$ Million)
    • Introduction
      • Market Share Analysis, 2023 and 2030 (%)
      • Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2017–2030
      • Segment Trends
    • Pregnancy Rapid Tests
      • Market Share Analysis, 2023 and 2030 (%)
      • Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2017–2030
      • Segment Trends
        • Line-Indicator Devices
          • Strips/Dip Sticks
          • Mid-Stream
          • Cassettes
        • Digital
    • Fertility Rapid Tests
      • Market Share Analysis, 2023 and 2030 (%)
      • Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2017–2030
      • Segment Trends
        • Line Indicator
        • Digital
  6. Global Fertility and Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market, By Test Type, 2017 – 2030, (US$ Million)
    • Introduction
      • Market Share Analysis, 2023 and 2030 (%)
      • Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2017–2030
      • Segment Trends
    • LH Urine
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2017 – 2030, (US$ Mn)
    • FSH Urine
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2017 – 2030, (US$ Mn)
    • hCG Blood
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2017 – 2030, (US$ Mn)
    • hCG Urine
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2017 – 2030, (US$ Mn)
  7. Global Fertility and Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market, By Distribution Channel , 2017 – 2030, (US$ Million)
    • Introduction
      • Market Share Analysis, 2023 and 2030 (%)
      • Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2017–2030
      • Segment Trends
    • Hospital Channel
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2017 – 2030, (US$ Mn)
    • Retail Channel
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2017 – 2030, (US$ Mn)
    • Online Channel
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2017 – 2030, (US$ Mn)
  8. Global Fertility and Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market, By Region, 2017 – 2030, (US$ Million)
    • Introduction
      • Market Share Analysis, By Region, 2023 and 2030 (%)
      • Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, For Regions, 2017–2030
      • Regional Trends
    • North America
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2017 - 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Test Type , 2017 - 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country, 2017 – 2030, (US$ Million)
        • U.S.
        • Canada
    • Latin America
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Test Type , 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Distribution Channel, 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country, 2017– 2030, (US$ Million)
        • Brazil
        • Mexico
        • Argentina
        • Rest of Latin America
    • Europe
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Test Type , 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Distribution Channel, 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country, 2017– 2030, (US$ Million)
        • U.K.
        • Germany
        • Italy
        • France
        • Spain
        • Russia
        • Rest of Europe
    • Asia Pacific
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Test Type , 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Distribution Channel, 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country, 2017– 2030, (US$ Million)
        • China
        • India
        • Japan
        • ASEAN
        • Australia
        • South Korea
        • Rest of Asia Pacific
    • Middle East
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Test Type , 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Distribution Channel, 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country, 2017– 2030, (US$ Million)
        • GCC
        • Israel
        • Rest of Middle East
    • Africa
      • Introduction
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Test Type , 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Distribution Channel, 2017- 2030, (US$ Million)
      • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country, 2017– 2030, (US$ Million)
        • North Africa
        • Central Africa
        • South Africa
  9. Competitive Landscape
    • Swiss Precision Diagnostic GmbH
      • Company Highlights
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Performance
      • Market Strategies
    • DCC Plc.
      • Company Highlights
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Performance
      • Market Strategies
    • Procter & Gamble
      • Company Highlights
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Performance
      • Market Strategies
    • Abbott Laboratories
      • Company Highlights
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Performance
      • Market Strategies
      • Quidel Corporation
    • Company Highlights
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Performance
      • Market Strategies
    • bioMérieux SA
      • Company Highlights
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Performance
      • Market Strategies
    • Church & Dwight Co., Inc.
      • Company Highlights
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Performance
      • Market Strategies
    • Prestige Brands Holdings, Inc.
      • Company Highlights
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Performance
      • Market Strategies
    • Geratherm Medical AG
      • Company Highlights
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Performance
      • Market Strategies
  10. Section
    • Research Methodology
    • About Us

* Browse 35 market data tables and 34 figures on “Global Fertility and Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market” - Global forecast to 2030

Detailed Segmentation:

  • Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market, By Product Type:
    • Pregnancy Rapid Tests
    • Line-Indicator Devices
    • Strips/Dip Sticks
    • Mid-Stream
    • Cassettes
    • Digital
    • Fertility Rapid Tests
    • Line-Indicator
    • Digital
  • Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market, By Test Type:
    • LH Urine
    • FSH Urine
    • hCG Blood
    • hCG Urine
  • Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market, By Distribution Channel:
    • Hospital Channel
    • Retail Channel
    • Online Channel
  • Global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market, By Region:
    • North America
      • By Product Type:
        • Pregnancy Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator Devices
            • Strips/Dip Sticks
            • Mid-Stream
            • Cassettes
          • Digital
        • Fertility Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator
          • Digital
      • By Test Type:
        • LH Urine
        • FSH Urine
        • hCG Blood
        • hCG Urine
      • By Distribution Channel:
        • Hospital Channel
        • Retail Channel
        • Online Channel
      • By Country:
        • U.S.
        • Canada
    • Latin America
      • By Product Type:
        • Pregnancy Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator Devices
            • Strips/Dip Sticks
            • Mid-Stream
            • Cassettes
          • Digital
        • Fertility Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator
          • Digital
      • By Test Type:
        • LH Urine
        • FSH Urine
        • hCG Blood
        • hCG Urine
      • By Distribution Channel:
        • Hospital Channel
        • Retail Channel
        • Online Channel
      • By Country:
        • Brazil
        • Mexico
        • Argentina
        • Rest of Latin America
    • Europe
      • By Product Type:
        • Pregnancy Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator Devices
            • Strips/Dip Sticks
            • Mid-Stream
            • Cassettes
          • Digital
        • Fertility Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator
          • Digital
      • By Test Type:
        • LH Urine
        • FSH Urine
        • hCG Blood
        • hCG Urine
      • By Distribution Channel:
        • Hospital Channel
        • Retail Channel
        • Online Channel
      • By Country:
        • Germany
        • u.K.
        • France
        • Italy
        • Spain
        • Russia
        • Rest of Europe
    • Asia Pacific
      • By Product Type:
        • Pregnancy Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator Devices
            • Strips/Dip Sticks
            • Mid-Stream
            • Cassettes
          • Digital
        • Fertility Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator
          • Digital
      • By Test Type:
        • LH Urine
        • FSH Urine
        • hCG Blood
        • hCG Urine
      • By Distribution Channel:
        • Hospital Channel
        • Retail Channel
        • Online Channel
      • By Country
        • China
        • India
        • Japan
        • Australia
        • South Korea
        • ASEAN
        • Rest of Asia Pacific
    • Middle East
      • By Product Type:
        • Pregnancy Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator Devices
            • Strips/Dip Sticks
            • Mid-Stream
            • Cassettes
          • Digital
        • Fertility Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator
          • Digital
      • By Test Type:
        • LH Urine
        • FSH Urine
        • hCG Blood
        • hCG Urine
      • By Distribution Channel:
        • Hospital Channel
        • Retail Channel
        • Online Channel
      • By Country:
        • GCC
        • Israel
        • Rest of Middle East
    • Africa
      • By Product Type:
        • Pregnancy Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator Devices
            • Strips/Dip Sticks
            • Mid-Stream
            • Cassettes
          • Digital
        • Fertility Rapid Tests
          • Line-Indicator
          • Digital
      • By Test Type:
        • LH Urine
        • FSH Urine
        • hCG Blood
        • hCG Urine
      • By Distribution Channel:
        • Hospital Channel
        • Retail Channel
        • Online Channel
      • By Country/Region:
        • South Africa
        • Central Africa
        • North Africa
- Frequently Asked Questions -

What is the current market size and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of the global Fertility And Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits market during the forecast period (2023-2030)?

The global fertility and pregnancy rapid test kits market is estimated to be valued at US$ 1,451.9 million in 2023 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 4.5% between 2023 and 2030.

What are the major factors driving the market growth?

The high incidence of infertility is expected to drive the market growth.

Which is the leading product type segment in the market?

Pregnancy rapid tests is the leading segment in the market.

What are the key factors hampering the growth of the market?

Lack of buyers in emerging economies and lack of awareness is expected to hinder the market over the forecast period.

Which are the major players operating in the market?

Major players operating in the market include SPD Swiss Precision Diagnostic GmbH, DCC Plc., Procter & Gamble, Abbott Laboratories, Alere Inc., Quidel Corporation, bioMérieux SA, Church & Dwight Co., Inc., Prestige Brands Holdings, Inc., and Geratherm Medical AG.
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