Osteoarthritis Drugs Market - Global Forecast to 2026, by Drug Class (Analgesics, Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Corticosteroids, Hyaluronic Acid, and Phase III Dugs), by Route of Administration (Oral and Parenteral), by Disease Type (Ankle Osteoarthritis, Hip Osteoarthritis, Knee Osteoarthritis, Shoulder Osteoarthritis, and Others), by Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies, and Online Pharmacies), and by Region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa) - Size, Share, Outlook, and Opportunity Analysis, 2018-2026
- Report code : CMI62580 |
- Industry :
Pharmaceutical
- Published On : Apr 2019 |
- Pages : 231 Pages |
- Format :
Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market – Effective Osteoarthritis Treatment
Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of arthritis. It can affect various joints in the body. However, the disease has major impact on the knees, neck, lower back, hips, and small joints of fingers.
The global osteoarthritis drugs market size was valued at US$ 5,895.1 million in 2017 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 8.2 % over the forecast period (2018 – 2026).
Figure 1. Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market Value (US$ Mn), by Region, 2017
Source: Coherent Market Insights Analysis (2019)
Increasing incidences of rheumatoid arthritis is expected to propel growth of the osteoarthritis drugs market
Osteoarthritis is caused due to injury, obesity, and several other factors. It leads to severe joint pain and stiffness of the affected body part. The symptoms of osteoarthritis are swelling in joints, numbness in legs and arms, and decreased range of motion. High prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis is expected to drive the market growth. According to the Rheumatoid Arthritis. Org Facts, October 2018, around 1.3 million people in the U.S. and around 1% of world population is affected by rheumatoid arthritis, which is the third major form of osteoarthritis and gout.
Moreover, increasing prevalence of obesity associated with deskbound lifestyle is expected to propel growth of the osteoarthritis drugs market over the forecast period. Obesity causes additional pressure on knees and hips, which in turn can affect the cushion joints to breakdown faster. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) factsheet February 2018, around 1.9 billion adults aged above 18 years were overweight, worldwide in 2016, of which around 650 million were obese.
However, availability of only symptomatic treatment rather than permanent cure of osteoarthritis is the major factor that is expected to hinder the market growth. Harmful effects of regular administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) in osteoarthritis treatment can cause cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke, which is further expected to restrain the market growth.
Figure 2. Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market Share (%), by Route of Administration,
Source: Coherent Market Insights Analysis (2019)
Increasing geriatric population in North America is expected to bolster the market growth
North America holds dominant position in the global osteoarthritis drugs market, owing to increasing geriatric population that is prone to high risk of osteoarthritis. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) factsheet 2018, around 29.3% and 49.6% population aged 45 to 64 and above 65 years, respectively were diagnosed with arthritis from 2013 to 2015 in the U.S. Similarly, according to the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), December 2016, around 14 million individuals were diagnosed with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and around 2 million people below 45 years of age were diagnosed with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, where 6 million cases were diagnosed in people aged 45 to 64 years and above 65 years in the U.S.
Moreover, increasing institutional initiatives to collaborate with key players for research regarding osteoarthritis is expected to drive the market growth. For instance, the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Novartis, and Pfizer, initiated a nationwide research study known as Osteoarthritis Initiative: A Knee Health Study, to examine people with knee osteoarthritis or those prone to knee osteoarthritis.
Moreover, key players in the market are focused on receiving approvals for novel products that aid in treatment of osteoarthritis. For instance, in May 2018, Eli Lilly and Company received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for Olumiant (baricitinib), a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor used in treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis that has low response towards tumor necrosis factor inhibitor.
Key Players
Major players operating in the global osteoarthritis drugs market include Pfizer Inc., Abbott, Eli Lilly and Company, ABIOGEN PHARMA S.p.A, Horizon Pharma plc., Ferring B.V., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Medivir, Bioventus, Inc., Sanofi, Flexion Therapeutics, Inc., Regeneron, and GlaxoSmithKline Plc.
Osteoarthritis is a major debilitating form of joint disease and is more evident in geriatric population. The disease is slow gradual process, which leads to low quality of life, loss of functions, and moderate to severe pain, especially in population having low physical activity or with high body mass index (BMI).
Market Dynamics
Increasing prevalence of osteoarthritis is a major factor driving the osteoarthritis drugs market growth. According to the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2013, total prevalence of combined symptomatic and radiographic osteoarthritis of knee and hip was around 3.8% worldwide, with 20.3 % in males and 4.5% in females.
Furthermore, key players in the market are focused on research and development of medication for symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis, which is expected to drive the market growth. For instance, in April 2018, Flexion Therapeutics, Inc. initiated Phase III study of FX006 32 mg indicated for knee osteoarthritis. The study in expected to be completed by June 2020.
However, use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen in pain management of osteoarthritis can cause cardiovascular diseases, which in turn is expected to hinder the market growth. In June 2018, the European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) stated the risk of cardiovascular diseases with the regular use of NSAIDs in the treatment of osteoarthritis pain.
Key features of the study:
- This report provides in-depth analysis of the osteoarthritis drugs market and provides market size (US$ million) and compound annual growth rate (CAGR %) for the forecast period (2018 – 2026), considering 2017 as the base year
- It elucidates potential revenue opportunities across different segments and explains attractive investment proposition matrices for this market
- This study also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approval, market trends, regional outlook, and competitive strategy adopted by key players
- It profiles key players in the global osteoarthritis drugs market based on the following parameters – company overview, financial performance, product portfolio, market presence, distribution strategies, key developments, strategies, and future plans
- Key companies covered as a part of this study include Pfizer Inc., Abbott, Eli Lilly and Company, ABIOGEN PHARMA S.p.A, Horizon Pharma plc., Ferring B.V., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Medivir, Bioventus, Inc., Sanofi, Flexion Therapeutics, Inc., Regeneron, and GlaxoSmithKline Plc.
- Insights from this report would allow marketers and the management authorities of the companies to make informed decisions regarding their future product launches, technology up-gradation, market expansion, and marketing tactics.
- The global osteoarthritis drugs market report caters to various stakeholders in this industry including investors, suppliers, product manufacturers, distributors, new entrants, and financial analysts
- Stakeholders would have ease in decision-making through various strategy matrices used in analyzing the osteoarthritis drugs market
Detailed Segmentation:
- Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market, By Drug Class:
- Analgesics
- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- Corticosteroids
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Phase III Drugs
- Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market, By Route of Administration:
- Oral
- Parenteral
- Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market, By Disease Type:
- Ankle Osteoarthritis
- Hip Osteoarthritis
- Knee Osteoarthritis
- Shoulder Osteoarthritis
- Others
- Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market, By Distribution Channel:
- Hospital Pharmacies
- Retail Pharmacies
- Online Pharmacies
- Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market, By Region:
- North America
- By Drug Class:
- Analgesics
- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- Corticosteroids
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Phase III Drugs
- By Route of Administration:
- Oral
- Parenteral
- By Disease Type:
- Ankle Osteoarthritis
- Hip Osteoarthritis
- Knee Osteoarthritis
- Shoulder Osteoarthritis
- Others
- By Distribution Channel:
- Hospital Pharmacies
- Retail Pharmacies
- Online Pharmacies
- By Country:
- U.S.
- Canada
- Latin America
- By Drug Class:
- Analgesics
- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- Corticosteroids
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Phase III Drugs
- By Route of Administration:
- Oral
- Parenteral
- By Disease Type:
- Ankle Osteoarthritis
- Hip Osteoarthritis
- Knee Osteoarthritis
- Shoulder Osteoarthritis
- Others
- By Distribution Channel:
- Hospital Pharmacies
- Retail Pharmacies
- Online Pharmacies
- By Country:
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Argentina
- Rest of Latin America
- Europe
- By Drug Class:
- Analgesics
- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- Corticosteroids
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Phase III Drugs
- By Route of Administration:
- Oral
- Parenteral
- By Disease Type:
- Ankle Osteoarthritis
- Hip Osteoarthritis
- Knee Osteoarthritis
- Shoulder Osteoarthritis
- Others
- By Distribution Channel:
- Hospital Pharmacies
- Retail Pharmacies
- Online Pharmacies
- By Country:
- Germany
- U.K.
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- Russia
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- By Drug Class:
- Analgesics
- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- Corticosteroids
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Phase III Drugs
- By Route of Administration:
- Oral
- Parenteral
- By Disease Type:
- Ankle Osteoarthritis
- Hip Osteoarthritis
- Knee Osteoarthritis
- Shoulder Osteoarthritis
- Others
- By Distribution Channel:
- Hospital Pharmacies
- Retail Pharmacies
- Online Pharmacies
- By Country:
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia
- South Korea
- ASEAN
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- Middle East
- By Drug Class:
- Analgesics
- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- Corticosteroids
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Phase III Drugs
- By Route of Administration:
- Oral
- Parenteral
- By Disease Type:
- Ankle Osteoarthritis
- Hip Osteoarthritis
- Knee Osteoarthritis
- Shoulder Osteoarthritis
- Others
- By Distribution Channel:
- Hospital Pharmacies
- Retail Pharmacies
- Online Pharmacies
- By Country:
- GCC
- Israel
- Rest of Middle East
- Africa
- By Drug Class:
- Analgesics
- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- Corticosteroids
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Phase III Drugs
- By Route of Administration:
- Oral
- Parenteral
- By Disease Type:
- Ankle Osteoarthritis
- Hip Osteoarthritis
- Knee Osteoarthritis
- Shoulder Osteoarthritis
- Others
- By Distribution Channel:
- Hospital Pharmacies
- Retail Pharmacies
- Online Pharmacies
- By Country/Region:
- South Africa
- Central Africa
- North Africa
- Company Profiles
- Pfizer Inc.*
- Company Overview
- Product Portfolio
- Financial Performance
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- Abbott
- Eli Lilly and Company
- ABIOGEN PHARMA S.p.A
- Horizon Pharma plc.
- Ferring B.V.
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.
- Medivir
- Bioventus, Inc.
- Sanofi
- Flexion Therapeutics, Inc.
- Regeneron
- GlaxoSmithKline Plc.
“*” marked represents similar segmentation in other categories in the respective section.
Table of Contents
- Research Objectives and Assumptions
- Research Objectives
- Assumptions
- Abbreviations
- Market Purview
- Report Description
- Market Definition and Scope
- Executive Summary
- Market Snippet, By Drug Class
- Market Snippet, By Route of Administration
- Market Snippet, By Disease Type
- Market Snippet, By Distribution Channel
- Market Snippet, By Region
- Coherent Opportunity Map (COM)
- Market Dynamics, Regulations, and Trends Analysis
- Market Dynamics
- Drivers
- Restraints
- Market Opportunities
- Impact Analysis
- Pipeline Analysis
- Reimbursement Scenario
- Epidemiology
- Pest Analysis
- Regulatory Scenario
- New Product Launches
- Collaborations and Agreements
- Market Trends
- Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market, By Drug Class, 2018 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Introduction
- Market Share Analysis, 2018 and 2026 (%)
- Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2017 – 2026
- Segment Trends
- Analgesics
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Corticosteroids
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Phase III Drugs
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market, By Route of Administration, 2018 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Introduction
- Market Share Analysis, 2018 and 2026 (%)
- Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2017 – 2026
- Segment Trends
- Oral
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Parenteral
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market, By Disease Type, 2018 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Introduction
- Market Share Analysis, 2018 and 2026 (%)
- Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2017 – 2026
- Segment Trends
- Ankle Osteoarthritis
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Hip Osteoarthritis
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Knee Osteoarthritis
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Shoulder Osteoarthritis
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Others
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market, By Distribution Channel, 2018 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Introduction
- Market Share Analysis, 2018 and 2026 (%)
- Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2017 – 2026
- Segment Trends
- Hospital Pharmacies
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Retail Pharmacies
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Online Pharmacies
- Introduction
- Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Global Osteoarthritis Drugs Market, By Region, 2018 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Introduction
- Market Share Analysis, By Region, 2018 and 2026 (%)
- Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, For Regions, 2017–2026
- North America
- Market Size and Forecast, By Drug Class, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Route of Administration, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Disease Type, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- U.S.
- Canada
- Latin America
- Market Size and Forecast, By Drug Class, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Route of Administration, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Disease Type, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Argentina
- Rest of Latin America
- Europe
- Market Size and Forecast, By Drug Class, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Route of Administration, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Disease Type, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Germany
- U.K.
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- Russia
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Market Size and Forecast, By Drug Class, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Route of Administration, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Disease Type, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia
- South Korea
- ASEAN
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- Middle East
- Market Size and Forecast, By Drug Class, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Route of Administration, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Disease Type, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- GCC
- Israel
- Rest of Middle East
- Africa
- Market Size and Forecast, By Drug Class, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Route of Administration, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Disease Type, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- Market Size and Forecast, By Country/Region, 2016 – 2026, (US$ Mn)
- South Africa
- Central Africa
- North Africa
- Competitive Landscape
- Heat Map Analysis
- Company Profiles
- Pfizer Inc.
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- Abbott
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- ABIOGEN PHARMA S.p.A
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- Horizon Pharma plc.
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- Ferring B.V.
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- Medivir
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- Bioventus, Inc.
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- Sanofi
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- Regeneron
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- GlaxoSmithKline Plc.
- Company Overview
- Product Type Portfolio
- Financial Overview
- Key Highlights
- Market Strategies
- Analyst Views
- Section
- References
- Research Methodology
- About us and Sales Contact
*Browse 33 market data tables and 25 figures on "Osteoarthritis Drugs Market - Global forecast to 2026”.
Research Methodology
Coherent Market Insights followsa comprehensive research methodology focused on providing the most precise market analysis. The company leverages a data triangulation model which helps company to gauge the market dynamics and provide accurate estimates. Key components of the research methodologies followed for all our market reports include:
- Primary Research (Trade Surveys and Experts Interviews)
- Desk Research
- Proprietor Data Analytics Model
In addition to this, Coherent Market Insights has access to a wide range of the regional and global reputed paid data bases, which helps the company to figure out the regional and global market trends and dynamics. The company analyses the industry from the 360 Degree Perspective i.e. from the Supply Side and Demand Side which enables us to provide granular details of the entire ecosystem for each study. Finally, a Top-Down approach and Bottom-Up approach is followed to arrive at ultimate research findings.
Coherent Market Insights desk research is based on a principle set of research techniques:
- National level desk research: It Includes research analysis of regional players, regional regulatory bodies, regional trade associations, and regional organization.
- Multinational level desk research: The research team keeps a track of multinational players, global regulatory bodies, global trade associations, and global organization.
Coherent Market Insights has a large amount of in-house repository of industry database. This is leveraged as a burner for initiating a new research study. Key secondary sources include:
- Governmental bodies, National and international social welfare institutions, and organizations creating economic policies among others.
- Trade association, National and international media and trade press.
- Company Annual reports, SEC filings, Corporate Presentations, press release, news, and specification sheet of manufacturers, system integrators, brick and mortar - distributors and retailers, and third party online commerce players.
- Scientific journals, and other technical magazines and whitepapers.
Preliminary Data Mining
The raw data is obtained through the secondary findings, in house repositories, and trade surveys. It is then filtered to ensure that the relevant information including industry dynamics, trends, and outlook is retained for further research process.
Data Standardization:
Holistic approach is used to ensure that the granular and uncommon parameters are taken into consideration to ensure accurate results. The information from the paid databases are further combined to the raw data in order to standardize it.
Coherent Statistical model
We arrive at our final research findings through simulation models. Coherent Data Analytics Model is a statistical tool that helps company to forecast market estimates. Few of the parameters considered as a part of the statistical model include:
- Micro-economic indicators
- Macro-economic indicators
- Environmental indicators
- Socio-political indicators
- Technology indicators
Data Processing
Once the findings are derived from the statistical model, large volume of data is process to confirm accurate research results. Data analytics and processing tools are adopted to process large chunk of collected informative data. In case, a client customizes the study during the process, the research finding till then are benchmarked, and the process for new research requirement is initiated again.
Data Validation
This is the most crucial stage of the research process. Primary Interviews are conducted to validate the data and analysis. This helps in achieving the following purposes:
- It provides first-hand information on the market dynamics, outlook, and growth parameters.
- Industry experts validates the estimates which helps the company to cement the on-going research study.
- Primary research includes online surveys, face-to face interviews, and telephonic interviews.
The primary research is conducted with the ecosystem players including, but not limited to:
- Raw Material Suppliers
- Manufacturers
- System Integrators
- Distributors
- End-users
Related Insights :
Share
Choose License Type
"How Can I Help You" ?
Finding it difficult to find the research that would cater to your business demands? Give us a chance to help you. One of our Research Consultants will connect to provide a customized solution.
Key Benefits
Custom Research Solution
Talk to our research consultant to design an exclusive report as per your research needs.
Customer Fulfilment
We aim to fulfil client's research demands with tailored research solutions.
Quick Turnaround Time Reports
We aim to provide research studies in quickest turnaround time and in a much cost effective manner.
360-degree Approach
We cover each industry from supply and demand side with an aim to provide a most holistic research study.
Assured Quality
We strive to provide most accurate and reliable research findings in our research reports.